barriers to problem solving ppt

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Sudoku for Beginners: How to Improve Your Problem-Solving Skills

Are you a beginner when it comes to solving Sudoku puzzles? Do you find yourself frustrated and unsure of where to start? Fear not, as we have compiled a comprehensive guide on how to improve your problem-solving skills through Sudoku.

Understanding the Basics of Sudoku

Before we dive into the strategies and techniques, let’s first understand the basics of Sudoku. A Sudoku puzzle is a 9×9 grid that is divided into nine smaller 3×3 grids. The objective is to fill in each row, column, and smaller grid with numbers 1-9 without repeating any numbers.

Starting Strategies for Beginners

As a beginner, it can be overwhelming to look at an empty Sudoku grid. But don’t worry. There are simple starting strategies that can help you get started. First, look for any rows or columns that only have one missing number. Fill in that number and move on to the next row or column with only one missing number. Another strategy is looking for any smaller grids with only one missing number and filling in that number.

Advanced Strategies for Beginner/Intermediate Level

Once you’ve mastered the starting strategies, it’s time to move on to more advanced techniques. One technique is called “pencil marking.” This involves writing down all possible numbers in each empty square before making any moves. Then use logic and elimination techniques to cross off impossible numbers until you are left with the correct answer.

Another advanced technique is “hidden pairs.” Look for two squares within a row or column that only have two possible numbers left. If those two possible numbers exist in both squares, then those two squares must contain those specific numbers.

Benefits of Solving Sudoku Puzzles

Not only is solving Sudoku puzzles fun and challenging, but it also has many benefits for your brain health. It helps improve your problem-solving skills, enhances memory and concentration, and reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

In conclusion, Sudoku is a great way to improve your problem-solving skills while also providing entertainment. With these starting and advanced strategies, you’ll be able to solve even the toughest Sudoku puzzles. So grab a pencil and paper and start sharpening those brain muscles.

This text was generated using a large language model, and select text has been reviewed and moderated for purposes such as readability.

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• 1. HINDRANCES TO PROBLEM SOLVING  PRASHANT RAJ  B A .ENGLISH (H)  ENROLL.NO-A35306116004  SUB-C0DE-BS 201
• 2. WHAT IS HINDRANCES?  The situations, conditions, aspects, issues, behaviors etc. that act as Hurdle in the achievement of a desired objective or in getting a solution to a problem.
• 3. WHAT IS PROBLEM SOLVING BARRIER?  A problem-solving barrier is something that stops people finding a successful solution to a problem.  These barriers are often caused by cognitive blocks – how we think and feel – as well as by practical social and physical blocks.
• 4. COMMON CAUSES OF HINDRANCES • Defining the problem too narrowly. • Attacking the symptoms and not the real problem. • Assuming there is only one right answer. • Getting “hooked” on the first solution that comes to mind. • Getting “hooked” on a solution that almost works (but really doesn’t).
• 5. • Being distracted by irrelevant information, called “mental dazzle.” • Getting frustrated by lack of success. • Being too anxious to finish. • Defining the problem ambiguously.
• 6. 6 Hindrances in Problem Solving RECOGNIZE THAT THESE EXIST, AND THAT MAYBE ONE OR MORE ARE LIMITING YOUR THINKING.
• 7. 1.PERCEPTION  “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE”  Perspective causes us to see the world in different ways, and from different viewpoints. FOR EXAMPLE:- A marketing officer is likely to see a problem in a different way to a service manager. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, receiving stimuli and converting it into some meaningful picture of the world.
• 8. Inaccurate perception of a problem creates difficulties & may be caused by only seeking what we expect to see and not applying our perspective. E.g. Stereotyping, Halo effect, Horn effect, Recency effect, Primacy effect, Selective Perception etc.
• 9. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION:-  PERCEIVER  TARGET  SITUATION
• 10. FACTORS IN THE PERCEIVER  ATTITUDES  MOTIVES  INTERESTS  EXPERIENCE  EXPECTATIONS
• 11. FACTORS IN THE TARGET  NOVELTY  MOTIONS  SOUNDS  SIZE  BACKGROUND  PROXIMITY  SIMILARITY
• 12. FACTORS IN THE SITUATION  TIME  WORK SETTING  SOCIAL SETTING
• 13. 2.WORK ENVIRONMENT  The surroundings and factors around a person in his working environment that effect his decisions.  It is an important aspect in problem-solving as we know that the problems can be solved in a healthier way if we have the support of our superiors, colleagues and juniors at the work place  Distractions (phones,interruptions)  Unsupportive atmosphere
• 14. ENVIRONMENTAL BLOCKS  Imposed by our immediate social and physical environments Supportive environments - physical space and materials to encourage creative thinking Paper, pens, tape, music, space… Emotional environment - honesty, trust and support so criticism is accepted and incorporated Competition and lack of trust destroy idea quality Autocratic bosses.
• 15. 3. EXPRESSION  This is about how we express ourselves. Poor expression of problems and solutions lead to misinterpretation and communication.  Many problem-solving techniques often have a way to solve this directly via creating a problem definition and the use of visual techniques.  These are hindrances caused by the social or physical environment, and impact on our ability to think clearly or to perform a task. For example, a noisy office stops the problem solver being able to concentrate on the task.
• 16. EXPRESSIVE BLOCKS Inability to Communicate verbal written Report Sketches Drawingss
• 17. 4 .EMOTION  Emotions also strongly influence problem- solving.  For example- If we are anxious about the outcome of a situation or are impatient etc, the process of problem solving can be blocked
• 18. EMOTIONAL BLOCKS Far of failure and taking a risk - rewarded when we do things right and punished for wrong! Therefore we tend to safety and lower risk ideas. Inability to tolerate ambiguity - an overriding desire for order and no appetite for chaos Judging rather than generating - analysis, synthesis, criticism too early
• 19. Inability to relax and incubate Lack of challenge - must be motivated After a while the money doesn’t matter Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy - manipulation of real and imagined images Imagining feelings, perceptions
• 20. 5.INTELLECTUAL  It is related to our knowledge, intelligence, skills or information regarding a particular aspect.  If we lack knowledge or skill in a particular area, or have developed an inflexible mode of thinking or are not methodological in our approach to difficulties, we are likely to exaggerate the problem and not solve it.
• 21. Intellectual Blocks Inadequate use of problem-solving strategies making a conscious choice Imagining, visualising, transforming, randomising  Lack of training  Not knowing where to get the information
• 22. THANK YOU

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Barriers to Effective Problem Solving - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Barriers to Effective Problem Solving

List the 5 barriers to problem solving. provide an explanation statement that reinforces ... even the ablest of problem solvers will be unsuccessful at times. ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Group Members
• After completion of this presentation, the reader will be able to
• List the 5 barriers to problem solving
• Provide an explanation statement that reinforces the student understands each barrier listed.
• Even the ablest of problem solvers will be unsuccessful at times.
• Problems can be complex and hidden and thus elude the arduous application of the problem solving steps.
• There are barriers to problem-solving effectiveness.
• Overcoming these barriers will enhance your ability to solve problems but will not guarantee success
• Lack of Clarity in stating the problem
• Not getting the needed information
• Premature testing of alternative solutions or premature choice.
• A critical, evaluative, competitive climate.
• Pressure for conformity
• Understanding the barriers to problem solving can assist a person in becoming more successful.
• However, it should be noted that overcoming these barriers will enhance your ability to solve problems but will not always guarantee success.
• Russell, R.V. (2001). Leadership in Recreation (2nd ed.). Boston McGraw Hill, pp. 85-86.
• Objective List the 5 barriers to problem solving
• Question Which of the below is not one of the five barriers to problem solving?
• Lack of clarity in stating the problem
• Pressure for non-conformity

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Obstacles to Problem Solving

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Problem solving

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Problem solving. Problem solving: cognitive processes focused on achieving a specific goal. Strategies of problem solving: Trial and error, algorithms and heuristics Ill-defined vs. Well-defined problems. Heuristics vs. algorithms.

• general problem
• cognitive processes
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Problem solving Problem solving: cognitive processes focused on achieving a specific goal. Strategies of problem solving: Trial and error, algorithms and heuristics Ill-defined vs. Well-defined problems.

Heuristics vs. algorithms • Heuristics: general problem solving strategies that are often useful but not always effective (in football: control line of scrimmage, avoid turnovers, in chess: control center of board.) • Algorithms: step by step procedures guaranteed to solve a specific problem (recipe to bake a cake, formula to solve for area of triangle)

Examples of Heuristics • 1. Means-end analysis: breaking problem down into series of sub-problems. • 2. Analogies: using past experience as model for current problem-solving • Research on use of analogies (past experience) contradictory.

When is past experience harmful? • Dunker (1945) Make a lamp problem.

2. Functional Fixedness: thinking of an object as only functioning in its usual way Can you use these supplies to mount the candle on the wall so that it can be lit in a normal way without toppling over? Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving

To overcome functional fixedness, think of the matchbox, tacks, and candle all functioning in new ways. Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Functional Fixedness Continued)

When is past experience harmful? • Mental set: retaining a old successful problem-solving procedure even though it is not effective in its current context. Water jar example here!

Experimental testing for mental set: Luchin’s (1942) water jar problem:

When is past experience helpful to problem solving? • 1. Gick & Holyoak (1980) studies of problems solving with and without past experience • 2. Chi’s (1985) studies of expertise and problem solving

Problem solving in Physics professors vs. students: Problem categorization

Newell & Simon: General problem solver (GPS); first attempt at a software program designed as an all purpose problem solver. • Key concepts: • Problem space • Means –end analysis • Current state vs. desired state

Thinking—Creativity • Creativity :ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way • Three elements of creativity: • Originality • Fluency • Flexibility

Thinking—Creativity • Divergent Thinking: ability to produce many alternatives or ideas; linked to creativity (e.g., reordering the letters “grevenidt” to form many new words) • Convergent Thinking: attempting to find one correct answer; linked to conventional, non-creative thinking (e.g., 2 + 2 = ?)

Experts and brain level • fMRI of experts (A) and novices (B) engaged in face portrait drawing task.

What Is Intelligence? Historical views of intelligence: 1. Single ability or general factor called “g” (Spearman) 2. Multiple abilities (Thurstone and Guilford) 3. Single ability with two types of g,fluid and crystallizedintelligence (Cattell) 4. Multiple abilities (Gardner and Sternberg)

Intelligence as processing speed • Also can be measure with Posner task A-a match time Low IQ take 25-30ms longer • First Inspection time=sensory discrimination • Second Posner time=stm/ltm access Test stimulus 30-200ms Mask – L or R? shortest time needed to reliably make distinction?

Intelligence Models • Gardner • Sternberg

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