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APA 7th Referencing: Journal Articles

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Basic format to reference journal articles.

• Referencing journal articles: Examples

APA Referencing: journal articles from Victoria University Library on Vimeo .

Select the 'cc' on the video to turn on/off the captions.

A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:

• Author or authors.  The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
• Article title.
• Journal title (in italics ).
• Volume of journal (in italics ).
• Issue number of journal in round brackets (no italics).
• Page range of article.
• DOI  or URL
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Example:  

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health Care , 26 (8), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Articles in Periodicals

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited periodical sources. For a complete list of how to cite periodical publications, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical , volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Article in Print Journal

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening.  The New Criterion, 15 (3), 5 – 13.

Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available.

Article in Electronic Journal

As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.

Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning.  Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement ,   6 (1), 11 – 16.  https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979

DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.

Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal , 37 (1), 67 – 98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363

Note that, in the example above, there is a quotation in the title of the article. Ordinary titles lack quotation marks.

Article in a Magazine

Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never.  Time, 135 (17), 20 –2 1.

Article in a Newspaper

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.  The Country Today , 1A, 2A.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book  The self-knower: A hero under control , by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert].  Contemporary Psychology , 38 (5), 466–467.

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• How to cite a journal article in APA Style

How to Cite a Journal Article in APA Style | Format & Example

Published on November 5, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 1, 2023.

An APA Style citation for a journal article includes the author name(s), publication year, article title, journal name, volume and issue number, page range of the article, and a DOI (if available). Use the buttons below to explore the format.

Cite a journal article in APA Style now:

Table of contents, basic format for an apa journal citation, citing an article with an elocator or article number, citing unpublished journal articles, special issue of a journal, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

The article title appears in plain text and sentence case, while the journal name is italicized and in title case (all major words capitalized).

When viewing a journal article online, the required information can usually be found on the access page.

Linking to online journal articles

A DOI should always be used where available. Some databases do not list one, but you may still find one by looking for the same article on another database. You don’t need to include the name of the database in your citation.

If no DOI is available and the article was accessed through a database, do not include a URL.

If the article is not from a database, but from another website (e.g. the journal’s own website), you should ideally use a stable URL: this is often provided under a “share” button. Otherwise, copy the URL from your browser’s address bar.

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Articles published only in PDF form may provide an article number or “eLocator” instead of a page range; in this case, include the number in your citation, preceded by the word “Article.”

When citing from an article that has not yet been formally published, the format varies depending on whether or not it has already been submitted to a journal. Note that different formats are used for unpublished dissertations and raw data .

Unpublished article

The text of an article which has not yet appeared online or in publication (i.e. which is only available directly from the author) should be cited as an “Unpublished manuscript.” The title is italicized and information about the author’s university is included if available:

Article submitted for publication

An article that has been submitted to a journal but not yet accepted is cited as a “Manuscript submitted for publication.” The title is italicized, and the name of the journal to which it was submitted is not included:

Article in press

An article that has been submitted and accepted for publication in a journal is cited as “in press.” Here, the name of the journal is included, university information is omitted, and “in press” is written in place of the year (both in the reference list and the in-text citation):

If you want to cite a special issue of a journal rather than a regular article, the name(s) of the editor(s) and the title of the issue appear in place of the author’s name and article title:

Note that if you want to cite an individual article from the special issue, it can just be cited in the basic format for journal articles.

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
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In an APA journal citation , if a DOI (digital object identifier) is available for an article, always include it.

If an article has no DOI, and you accessed it through a database or in print, just omit the DOI.

If an article has no DOI, and you accessed it through a website other than a database (for example, the journal’s own website), include a URL linking to the article.

Include the DOI at the very end of the APA reference entry . If you’re using the 6th edition APA guidelines, the DOI is preceded by the label “doi:”. In the 7th edition , the DOI is preceded by ‘https://doi.org/’.

• 6th edition: doi: 10.1177/0894439316660340
• 7th edition: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0894439316660340

APA citation example (7th edition)

Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2016). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review , 35 (5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

You may include up to 20 authors in a reference list entry .

When an article has more than 20 authors, replace the names prior to the final listed author with an ellipsis, but do not omit the final author:

Davis, Y., Smith, J., Caulfield, F., Pullman, H., Carlisle, J., Donahue, S. D., James, F., O’Donnell, K., Singh, J., Johnson, L., Streefkerk, R., McCombes, S., Corrieri, L., Valck, X., Baldwin, F. M., Lorde, J., Wardell, K., Lao, W., Yang, P., . . . O’Brien, T. (2012).

In an APA reference list , journal article citations include only the year of publication, not the exact date, month, or season.

The inclusion of volume and issue numbers makes a more specific date unnecessary.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 01). How to Cite a Journal Article in APA Style | Format & Example. Scribbr. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/journal-article/

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APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Journal Articles

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Volume, issue, and number in a journal citation, journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - two to twenty authors, journal article from library database no doi - one author, journal article from library database no doi - two to twenty authors, journal article from a website - one author, journal article in print - one author, when you have 21 or more authors, in-text citation for two or more authors/editors, works by the same author with the same year, in-text citation for group or corporate authors, what is a doi.

DOI Numbers in Library Databases

Some electronic content is assigned a unique number called a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). If a DOI is provided for a journal article, include it after the page numbers of the article as a hyperlink - https://doi.org/xxxxx

You do not need to put a period after a DOI number.

Hanging Indents:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Hyperlinks:

It is acceptable for hyperlinks to be blue and underlined (live) or black without underlining.

All hyperlinks must include https://

Do not put a period after DOIs or hyperlinks.

How Do I Know If It's a Journal?

Photo from Flickr under Creative Commons license, created by the.Firebottle

Not sure whether your article is from a journal? Look for these characteristics:

• Main purpose is often to report results of original search
• Articles usually have a very narrow, technical subject focus
• May see labeled sections such as the abstract, discussion, results, and conclusion
• Author of the article is an expert or specialist in the field and often their credentials are listed
• Article is intended for students, scientists, researchers and/or professionals instead of the general public
• Usually includes a References list at the end

Articles may also come from magazines or newspapers . 

Today, scientific articles can have many authors due to large-scale experiments run by large teams. In some research areas, an article can even have hundreds of authors! Generally, the first author is considered the lead author, so when citing it is important not to change the order co-authors are listed in. For details on how to balance efficiency and accuracy when citing academic articles with long lists of authors, see the various examples on this page.

Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize the titles of articles.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.

Volume and Issue Numbers

Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers

Retrieval Dates

Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, such as a social media site like Academia.edu.

Page Numbers

If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/DOInumber

Author's  Last N ame, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of  Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/DOInumber 

Note : Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. 

Note : The APA Manual (7th ed.) recommends not including the database or the URL of the journal home page for online articles without a DOI. 

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number if given. 

Note : In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including twenty authors. When a source has twenty-one or more authors, include the first twenty authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. 

Note:  The APA Manual (7th ed.) recommends not including the library database for journal articles without a DOI as these works are widely available.

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number.

When a journal article has twenty-one or more authors:

References List

List the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name.

When you are citing two different sources that share the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c, etc.). Assign these letters according to which title comes first alphabetically. Use these letters in both in-text citations and the Reference list.

Example In-Text :

Paraphrasing content from first source by this author (Daristotle, 2015a). "Now I am quoting from the second source by the same author" (Daristotle, 2015b, p. 50).

Example Reference List entries:

Daristotle, J. (2015a). Name of first article .  Made Up Journal, 26 (39), 18-19. 

Daristotle, J. (2015b). Title of second article. Another Made Up Journal, 35 (1), 48-55. 

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APA Style (7th ed.)

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Basic structure for an article: 

Author, a. a., & author, b. b. (year). title of article in non-italics: capital letter also for subtitle.  journal title in italics, volume# (issue#), pg#-pg#. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.

You can leave out any parts that you don't have, like a DOI, the volume, issue, or page numbers.

Jump to more specific examples by using the table below: 

Online or Print, with DOI (p. 316+ in Manual)

On all article citations, whether you read online or print, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if available.  The DOI is like a digital thumbprint: its unique and permanent numbers and letters help identify it. It is typically on the first or last page of the article. It may also be listed in the  CrossRef Database . If you are having trouble finding the DOI,  ask a librarian .  If there is no DOI, see  this example . 

Note  that as of March 2017,  CrossRef  and  APA  both recommend that DOIs be formatted as such:  https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx  with no period at the end.  

Two-Twenty Authors (p. 317 in Manual)

List each author in the order they appear in the article. Use an ampersand (&) rather than "and" between the last two.

If you have more than 20 authors, list the first 19 authors, then ..., then the last author (so there is a total of 20 names in the citation). 

Report (see p. 329-330 in Manual)

After the report title, include any report number if available and the Source, which can be thought of like the Publisher of a book.

Group Author or Government Report (see p. 329-330 in Manual)

In governmental reports, you can have multiple "levels," or offices/departments, in the Source element, separated by a comma.

The  Author  is the office that was most directly responsible for creating the content, and any parent offices are the  Source . If you aren't sure which office created the content, look on Google or on their general webpage to figure out the structure -- which office is "under" another office?

Named Author 

Online or Print, no DOI  (p. 317 in Manual)

Italicize the journal title and volume number, but not the issue number in parentheses. 

Magazine (p. 320 in Manual)

Online with no doi.

Include the stable URL. Page numbers, volume, and issue may be omitted if not available. 

Print or from a Database with no DOI

Italicize the magazine title and volume number, but not the issue number in parentheses.  If a magazine has a month and/or date, you may include that.

Newspaper (p. 320 in Manual)

• Use this format for articles from newspaper websites such as  The New York Times  or  The Washington Post.
• Use the format for  websites  for citing articles from a news website. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.

Print or from a Database with no DOI 

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, list each of the page numbers where it appears. For multiple pages, use "pp." Most newspapers have a month and/or date, so include that.

No Author, Volume, or Issue Number 

Remember that APA encourages researchers to use the name of a corporate author, a governmental organization, an office, a department, etc. as the author (see  an example like this) .

However, if no author can be found, as is sometimes the case with newspaper and magazine articles, begin the citation with the title of the article. 

More questions? Check out the authoritative source:  APA style blog

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APA Citation Guide

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Journal Articles

Newspaper articles, magazine articles, reviews (book, film, or video), cochrane library, documents from eric, other database content, advance online publication.

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Refer to the Multiple Authors guidelines, if needed.

Online Article with DOI

Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), pages–pages. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Reed, M. J., Kennett, D. J., Lewis, T., Lund-Lucas, E., Stallberg, C., & Newbold, I. L. (2009). The relative effects of university success courses and individualized interventions for students with learning disabilities. Higher Education Research & Development , 28 (4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903067013

(Reed et al., 2009)

Example 2: Article with an Article Number

Omit the page numbers and use the article number in its place.

Derry, K. (2018). Myth and monstrosity: Teaching indigenous films. Journal of Religion & Film, 22 (3), Article 7. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/

(Derry, 2018)

Online Article Without DOI/Print Article

Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), pages–pages.

Only include a URL if it takes you to the full text of the article without logging in.

Husain, A. N., Colby, T. V., Ordóñez, N. G., Krausz, T., Borczuk, A., Cagle, P. T, Chirieac, L. R., Churg, A., Galeateau-Salle, F., Gibbs, A. R., Gown, A. M., Hammar, S. P., Lizky, A. A., Roggli, V. L., Travis, W. D., & Wick, M. R. (2009). Guidelines for pathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 133 (8), 1317–1331.

(Husain et al., 2009)

Note: Do not include the name of a database, except for very rare occasions where the content is exclusive to the database. See Other Database Content for more guidance.

Sources: Publication Manual , 10.1 (examples 1-6); Journal Article References [APA Style]

Print & Database Articles

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title , pages–pages.

Clark, A. (2009, August 9). Apartment glut good for students, bad for owners. The Gainesville Sun , 1A, 9A.

(Clark, 2009)

Online Articles from Website

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. http://xxxxx

Associated Press. (2019, October 7). Unions sue USDA seeking to halt new pork processing rule. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/10/07/us/ap-us-pork-slaughter-changes.html

(Associated Press, 2019)

Johnson, K. (2017, January 16). Rwanda takes vital baby steps for preschool education. East African . https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Rwanda-takes-vital-baby-steps-for-pre-school-education/1433218-3519704-bi37kl/index.html

(Johnson, 2017)

Source: Publication Manual , 10.1 (example 16); Newspaper Article References [APA Style]

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume (Issue, if available), pages–pages.

Erim, K. T. (1967, August). Ancient Aphrodisias and its marble treasures. National Geographic , 132 (2), 280–294.

(Erim, 1967)

If you are unable to find the volume/issue, omit that component.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume (Issue) . http://xxxxx

Tizon, A. (2017, June). My family's slave. The Atlantic , 319 (5). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/lolas-story/524490/

(Tizon, 2017)

The supermarket of the future. (2017, May 23). Consumer Reports . https://www.consumerreports.org/grocery-stores-supermarkets/supermarket-of-the-future/

("The Supermarket," 2017)

Source: Publication Manual , 10.1 (example 15); Magazine Article References [APA Style]

Book Review

Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book , by B. B. Author]. Source information.

King, N. (2009). The psychology of personal constructs [Review of the book George Kelly: The psychology of personal constructs , by T. Butt]. History & Philosophy of Psychology, 11 (1), 44–47. http://www.bps.org.uk/publications/member-network-publications/member-publications/history-and-philosophy-psychology

(King, 2009)

Film or Video Review

Reviewer, A. A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Film , by A. A. Director, Dir.]. Source information.

Schickel, R. (2006). The power of Babel [Review of the film Babel , by A. G. Iñárritu, Dir.]. Time, 168 (18), 70.

(Schickel, 2006)

Source: Publication Manual , 10.7 (examples 67-68)

Use for systematic reviews found through the Cochrane Library database.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Butterworth, A. D., Thomas, A. G., & Akobeng, A. K. (2008). Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub2

(Butterworth, et al., 2008)

Source:  Publication Manual , 10.1 (example 13)

Use for articles found through the UpToDate database.

Author, A. A. (Year of Last Update). Title of article. UpToDate . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx

Lexicomp. (2021). Aspirin: Drug information. UpToDate . Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aspirin-drug-information

(Lexicomp, 2021)

Regueiro, M., & Al Hashash, J. (2020). Overview of the medical management of mild (low risk) Crohn disease in adults. UpToDate . Retrieved April 20, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-medical-management-of-mild-low-risk-crohn-disease-in-adults

(Regueiro & Al Hashah, 2020)

Source: Publication Manual , 10.1 (example 14)

The ERIC database sometimes includes non-periodical results, including manuscripts, policy briefs, and other documents. This template provides guidance for creating references for those documents.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (ERIC Document Number). ERIC. http://xxxxx

Asio, J. M. R., & Gadia, E. D. (2019). Awareness and understanding of college students towards teacher bullying: Basis for policy inclusion in the student handbook (ED595107). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED595107

(Asio & Gadia, 2019)

Source: Publication Manual , 10.8 (example 74);  ERIC Database References [APA Style]

Only use this template for items in library databases that are exclusive content to the database ( i.e.  are not found outside the database). Databases include AtoZ the World and some resources in Opposing Viewpoints and Health and Wellness. Otherwise, use the guidelines for journal or newspaper articles.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Database Name . https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX OR http://xxxxx

Kirby, J. (n.d.). Austria: The business experience. AtoZ the World . Retrieved October 7, 2019, from http://www.atoztheworld.com/

(Kirby, n.d.)

Sources: Publication Manual , 10.1 (examples 13-14); APA Style: Database Information in References

For online journal articles that are published online before they are available in print.

Capone, L. J., Albert, N. M., Bena, J. F., & Tang, A. S. (2012). Serious fall injuries in hospitalized patients with and without cancer. Journal of Nursing Care Quality . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0b013e3182679056

(Capone at al., 2012)

Source:  Publication Manual,  10.1 (example 7)

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APA 7th Style:  Articles

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• General rules - Journal articles

References within articles

• 3-20 Authors
• 21+ Authors
• Corporate Authors
• 'Online first'

Systematic reviews

• General rules - Newspaper & Magazine articles

Newspaper articles

• Magazine articles

Book reviews

• Video Tutorial

Journal articles

General rules:, journal articles with no author listed.

Move the Title up to the author position:

Reference list examples :

Australians turning to Dr Google for health advice. (2016). Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 24 (4), 13. https://issuu.com/australiannursingfederation/docs/anmj_oct16_issuu

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a source that has no author:  ("Article Title," Year)

Note that the comma is enclosed by the double-quote marks, not after them.

If the title is long, you can shorten it for use in the in-text citation.

Consumers are being more active in managing their health ("Australians Turning to Dr Google," 2016).

Note that the title is capitalised and in double-quotes for the in-text citation, but not for the reference list entry.

The example above is a news article on a single page from a trade/industry journal that has no author listed.

Direct Quotations

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has no author, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  ("Article Title," Year, p. X)

In order to "avoid face-to-face appointments", 1 in 3 people accessed information online ("Australians Turning to Dr Google," 2016, p. 13).

NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( "Trying Times", 2019, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example ("Trying Times", 2019, pp. 14-15).

Journal articles with 1 author

Acciari, M. (2014). The Italianization of Bollywood cinema: Ad hoc films. Studies in European Cinema , 11 (1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2014.903099

Tucciarone, K. (2014). Influence of popular television programming on students’ perception about course selection, major, and career. Popular Culture Studies Journal, 2 (1&2), 172-193. https://mpcaaca.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/B08-Tucciarone-Influence-of-Popular-Television-Programming.pdf

Wessel, K. B. (2015). How an aging population is transforming nursing. Nursing, 45 (6), 52-55. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000461856.10691.da

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a s ource that has 1 autho r:  (Author Surname, Year)

Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Dempsey, 2012).

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has 1 author, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  (Author Surname, Year, p. X)

“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).

NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( Acciari, 2014, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).

Journal articles with 2 authors

Gorton, K., & Garde-Hansen, J. (2013). From old media whore to new media troll: The online negotiation of Madonna’s ageing body. Feminist Media Studies, 13 (2), 288-302.

Marra, A. R., & Edmond, M. B. (2014). New technologies to monitor healthcare worker hand hygiene. Clinical Microbiology & Infection, 20 (1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12458

McAlister, M., & Gartland, C. (2019). The use of safety engineered medical devices to prevent needle stick injuries in the clinical setting. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 26 (8), 18-21. https://anmj.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Oct-Dec2019ANMJ.pdf

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a source that has 2 authors:  (1st Author surname & 2nd Author surname, Year)

New technologies need to be evaluated before large scale investment is made by organisations (Marra & Edmond, 2014).

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has 1 author, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  (1st Author surname & 2nd Author surname, Year, p. X)

"The convergence of media means that the dichotomy between old and new media economies is hard to maintain" (Gorton & Garde-Hansen, 2013, p. 298).

NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (McAlister  & Gartland, 2019, p. 20 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example ( McAlister  & Gartland,  2019, pp. 20-21).

Journal articles with more than 3 authors

This pattern is used for articles with up to 20 authors:

Continue the above patterns, adding additional authors as needed.  For articles with 21+ authors, see the next tab.

Barros, S., Nóbrega, M. P. S. S., Santos, J. C., Fonseca, L. M., & Floriano, L. S. M. (2019). Mental health in primary health care: Health-disease according to health professionals. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72 (6), 1609-1617. https://doi.org /10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0743

Wilson, N. J., Cordier, R., Ciccarelli, M., MacCallum, J., Milbourn, B., Vaz, S., Joosten, A., Buchanan, A., McAuliffe, T., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2018). Intergenerational mentoring at Men's Sheds: A feasibility study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31 (1), e105-e117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12338

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a source that has 3-20 authors:  (1st Author surname et al., Year)

... techniques including visual observations during ambulation on a flat surface (McDonald et al., 2006).

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has 3-20 authors, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  (1st Author surname et al., Year, p. X)

Jorm et al. (2006, p. 4) argue "the key areas for action are prevention and early intervention with first-onset disorders".

NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( Smith et al., 2019, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, pp. 14-15).

Journal articles with 21+ authors

For 21+ authors, add the first 19, then an ellipsis (...), then the last author:

Note that journal articles are the only resource to have this pattern,  Everything else follows the '3 or more' pattern.

Reference list example :

Davies, G., Lam, M., Harris, S. E., Trampush, J. W., Luciano, M., Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Ritchie, S. J., Marioni, R. E., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Liewald, D. C. M., Okely, J. A., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Barnes, C. L. K., Bertram, L., Bis, J. C., Burdick, K. E., Christoforou, A., DeRosse, P., ... Deary, I. J. (2018). Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function. Nature Communications, 9 , Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04362-x

Note that the above example uses an Article Number.  These are acceptable for APA 7.  For direct quoting from articles like this, use the page numbers (1-...) on the article.

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a source that has 3 or more authors:  (1st Author surname et al., Year)

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has 1 author, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  (1st Author surname at al., Year, p. X)

Journal articles with corporate authors.

'Corporate authors' are groups, societies or organisations who have written publications. This includes universities, research groups, museums, government departments, professional associations, and so on.

AVERT Trial Collaboration group. (2015). Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386 (9988), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60690-0

SPRINT Research Group. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. New England Journal of Medicine, 373 (22), 2103-2116. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. This is the general format for a source that has 1 author:  (Corporate Author, Year)

Thousands of teachers, principals, early childhood workers and academics have graduated and gone on to make their mark in and out of the classroom in communities (University of Newcastle, 2009).

If an author's name is known by a common acronym (eg. ABS  for Australian Bureau of Statistics, AIHW for Australian Institute for Health and Welfare), include the full name, plus the acronym in the first in-text citation, in the format:

(Corporate Author [CA] , Year )

"Over half of people aged 15 years and older (56%) considered their overall health to be very good or excellent, and 29% stated that their health was good" (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009, p. 3).

In subsequent references , include just the acronym:

(CA , Year )

Example: ... 19% of people aged 18 years and over (19%) were current daily smokers (ABS, 2009).

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source which has 1 author, the general format of the in-text citation appears:  (Corporate Author, Year, p. X)

NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( NSW Health, 2019, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (NSW Health, 2019, pp. 14-15).

Journal articles - Advance publication / online first

Many journal publishers provide access to articles before they have been assigned a volume, issue or page numbers, referring to them as "Advance Publication" or "Online First" articles:

Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year. Developmental Psychology . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.

For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for example, for 3 authors, see the tab for that number.

Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( Acciari, 2020, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2020, pp. 2-3).

Journal articles - 'In-press'

'In-press' means that the article has been accepted for publication, but not yet published.  These articles are different to the 'online first' article from the previous tab, as the content may not have been finalised.

As this is not the 'final version' of the article, we replace the year with the words 'in press':

Lopez Vasquez, K. (in press). Tay-Sachs disease. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.02.001

For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for the example above (2 authors), we follow that pattern to format the author, replacing the year with 'in press':  (Burrows & Morrison, in press)

Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example ( Acciari, in press, p. 14 ), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, in press, pp. 2-3).

Newspaper and Magazine articles

Note: newspaper and magazine articles do not have the same level of scholarly quality as journal articles.  make sure to check if they are suitable for use in your assessments..

Australian Associated Press. (2019, November 24). More than 60 fires burn across New South Wales as $48m relief package announced. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/nov/24/more-than-60-fires-burn-across-new-south-wales-as-48m-relief-package-announced

McNeilage, A. (2014, July 7). Rapper basks in the beauty of Aboriginal culture. The Sydney Morning Herald , p. 6.

For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for example, for 1 author, see the tab for that number.

Where the article is online and has no pagination, count the paragraphs and use that instead of pages, e.g. (Seber, 2019, para. 3).

Magazine articles and stories

Monroe, R. (2019, November 18). How natural wine became a symbol of virtuous consumption. The New Yorker . https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/how-natural-wine-became-a-symbol-of-virtuous-consumption

Proulx, A. (1997, October 13). Brokeback mountain. New Yorker . Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/10/13/brokeback-mountain

In the examples above, no volume, issue, or page information is provided.  In these cases, just cite the title of the online magazine and then provide the full access link.

Reference list examples:

Kakutani, M. (2016, November 7). Friendship takes a path that diverges [Review of the book Swing time , by Z. Smith]. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/ 08/books/zadie-smiths-swing-time-explores-friends-diverging-paths.html

Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information , by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290 (5495), 1304. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. Follow the general pattern:  (Author Surname, Year)

... has a certain directness that is pleasing to read (Smith, 2019).

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source, add a page reference to your in-text citation, e.g. :

This video will show you the basics of how to create in-text and reference list citations for journal articles using APA 7th style.

Help and Information

UON Referencing Guide

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - multiple authors, journal article from a website - one author.

Journal Article- No DOI

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

• APA 7th. ed. Journal Article Reference Checklist

If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.

When an article has one to twenty authors, all authors' names are cited in the References List entry. When an article has twenty-one or more authors list the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.

Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).

Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize or use quotation marks for the titles of articles.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.

Volume and Issue Numbers

Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers.

Retrieval Dates

Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.

Page Numbers

If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)

Library Database

Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available. Exceptions are Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations, and UpToDate.

Include the DOI (formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/...) if it is available. If you do not have a DOI, include a URL if the full text of the article is available online (not as part of a library database). If the full text is from a library database, do not include a DOI, URL, or database name.

In the Body of a Paper

Books, Journals, Reports, Webpages, etc.: When you refer to titles of a “stand-alone work,” as the APA calls them on their APA Style website, such as books, journals, reports, and webpages, you should italicize them. Capitalize words as you would for an article title in a reference, e.g., In the book Crying in H Mart: A memoir , author Michelle Zauner (2021) describes her biracial origin and its impact on her identity.

Article or Chapter: When you refer to the title of a part of a work, such as an article or a chapter, put quotation marks around the title and capitalize it as you would for a journal title in a reference, e.g., In the chapter “Where’s the Wine,” Zauner (2021) describes how she decided to become a musician.

The APA Sample Paper below has more information about formatting your paper.

• APA 7th ed. Sample Paper

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Smith, K. F. (2022). The public and private dialogue about the American family on television: A second look. Journal of Media Communication, 50 (4), 79-110. https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.x

Note: The DOI number is formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.xIf. 

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Smith, 2000)

In-Text Quote:

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Smith, 2000, p. 80)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number

Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.

Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including 20 authors. When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author.

Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."

Reference List Examples

Two to 20 Authors

Case, T. A., Daristotle, Y. A., Hayek, S. L., Smith, R. R., & Raash, L. I. (2011). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3 (2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010

21 or more authors

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 (3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

In-Text Citations

Two Authors/Editors

(Case & Daristotle, 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)

Three or more Authors/Editors

(Case et al., 2011)

Direct Quote: (Case et al., 2011, p. 57)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL

Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area.  Electronic Green Journal, 1 (30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4

Example: (Flachs, 2010)

Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3)

Note: In this example there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, in this case you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. If there are no page or paragraph numbers and no marked section, leave this information out.

Journal Article - No DOI

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any.  Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. URL [if article is available online, not as part of a library database]

Full-Text Available Online (Not as Part of a Library Database):

Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2017). What do we know about school discipline reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions.  Education Next, 17 (1), 44–52.  https://www.educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number)

Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017, p. 47)

Full-Text Available in Library Database:

Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back.  Nature, 463 (2), 433-434.

Example: (Jungers, 2010)

Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433)

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• About Citation

About APA 7th ed.

In-text citations, formatting your apa paper.

• MLA 9th Ed.
• Chicago 17th Ed.

More Style Tips

APA is more than just citation and referencing! It's a whole style of writing designed to refer to people in research with dignity and respect and present research results in a standard style so that others can easily evaluate your work and replicate it.

• APA inclusive writing guidelines
• Bias free language for sexual orientation
• Bias free language for racial and ethnic identities
• Citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers

This guide is a quick introduction to the American Psychological Association (APA) Style for references and citations. Be sure to consult the Publication Manual of the APA  or the  APA Style  website for detailed standards and procedures. 

• APA Style Comprehensive style and grammar guidelines from APA.

• A Quick Guide to APA Citation 7th Edition CSUDH Library

When you reference another source use an in-text citation in the body of your paper. 

Basic Format: (Author's Last Name(s) or Organization, Year).

I'm using...

Summarizing or Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or takeaways from a research article is the preferred method of citing sources in an APA paper. Always include the last name of the author(s) and the year of the publication, so your reader can find the full citation in the reference list.

According to Shavers (2007), limitations of studying socioeconomic status in research on health disparities include difficulties in collecting data on socioeconomic status and the complications of classifying women, children, and employment status.

Direct Quotes

If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text citation in parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.

• According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
• Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
• [Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).

If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote . Block quotes don't need quotation marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses goes after the punctuation of the quote.

Shavers (2007) study found the following:

While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences disease incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there has been relatively less study of the specific manner in which low SES influences receipt of quality care and consequent morbidity and mortality among patients with similar disease characteristics, particularly among those who have gained access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)

Toro Tip: Use direct quotes sparingly! Focus on summarizing the findings from multiple research studies. In the sciences and social sciences, only use the exact phrasing or argument of an individual when necessary.

In-text citations differ depending on the number of authors listed for a work, and if there is a group author .

I'm citing a work with...

You only need the author's last name comma year in parentheses.

(Abrams, 2018)

Connect both authors' last names with & (ampersand) comma and the year.

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

3 or More Authors

If there are 3 or more authors use et al., which means "and others," comma and the year.

(Harris et al., 2018)

Group Authors

First time with an abbreviation:

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019)

Then all subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)

Include the complete citation at the end of your paper in a references section. References are organized by the author's last name in alphabetic (A-Z) order. Use an hanging indent to separate each list item.

Basic Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of the work. Source where you can retrieve the work . URL or DOI if available

I'm citing a...

Journal Article

• Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initial as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. Read more from the APA Style website if there are 21 or more authors.
• Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Title of the Journal , Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the journal.
• Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If there is no issue, include a comma before the page range.
• (Issue), Note: If there is a issue number in addition to a volume number, include it in parentheses.
• Page range. Note: If there is no page range within the journal volume/issue, this can be excluded.
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Read more about DOIs from the APA Style wesbite.

Ashing‐Giwa, K. T., Padilla, G., Tejero, J., Kraemer, J., Wright, K., Coscarelli, A., Clayton, S., Williams, I., & Hills, D. (2004). Understanding the breast cancer experience of women: A qualitative study of African American, Asian American, Latina and Caucasian cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology , 13 (6), 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.750

Online News/Magazine Article

• Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
• (Year, Month Date). Note: You do not need to abbreviate the month.
• Title of the online newspaper or publication . Note: Capitalize each word in the publication and italicize. If the publication has an associated newly newspaper in print, use the newspaper article reference example .

Rogers, O. (2021, July 9). Why naming race is necessary to undo racism. Psychology Today . https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/who-am-i-who-are-we/202107/why-naming-race-is-necessary-undo-racism

• Title of the book. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
• (Edition). Note: If there is an edition or volume, include it in parentheses and use abbreviations of ed. or vol.
• Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the publisher location or databases where you retrieved it.

Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.

Book Chapter with Editor(s)

• Author(s). Note: List each chapter author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
• Title of the chapter. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
• In Editor(s), Note: List each editor's last name and initials as A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editors, include (Ed.) or (Eds.) in parentheses, and end with a comma.
• Title of the book Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
• (pp.xx-xx).

McCormack, B., McCance, T., & Maben, J. (2013). Outcome evaluation in the development of person-centred practice. In B. McCormack, K. Manley, & A. Titchen (Eds.), Practice development in nursing and healthcare (pp. 190-211). John Wiley & Sons.

• Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization or site.
• (Year, Month Date). Note: Read more about date formats from the APA Style website . Provide as specific a date as is available. Use the date last updated, but not the date last reviewed or copyright date. If there is no date, use (n.d.).
• Title of page or section. Note: Italicize the title of the page.
• Source. Note: Usually the official name of the website. If the source would be the same as the author, you can omit the source to avoid repetition.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Preventing HPV-associated cancers . https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic_info/prevention.htm/

Online Report

• Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization that published the report.
• (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
• Title of the report or document. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
• Source. Includes the names of parent agencies or other organizations not listed in the group author name here.

Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. (2017, January). Key indicators of health by service planning area . http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/

Dissertation or Thesis

• Author. Note: List the author's last name and initials as Author, A. A. There is usually only one author for a thesis or dissertation, you don't need to include any faculty advisers.
• Title of the dissertation or thesis [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Name of University]. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, dissertations, theses), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns. The title page will indicate whether it's a Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis and list the name of the university granting the degree.
• Source. Note: Include the name of the database or institutional repository where you can access the work (e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, PQDT Open, CSU ScholarWorks) here.
• URL Note: If available it's available.

Valentin, E. R. (2019, Summer). Narcissism predicted by Snapchat selfie sharing, filter usage, and editing [Master's thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills]. CSU ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/3197xm925?locale=en

Check out more examples for citing dissertations and theses on the APA Style site .

Citing a letter, photograph, text document, graphic material, or ephemera? Consult the Gerth Archives APA Citation Guide for Archival Materials .

What does an example APA paper look like? 

APA Style offers sample student and professional paper s, including a free annotated student sample paper .

• Sample Student Paper (APA 7th edition) Download and use this Word document as a template for your paper!

How do I make a hanging indent in Word?

1. Highlight the citaiton with your cursor. 

2. Right click. 

3. Select Paragraph .

4. Under Indentation, select Special and Hanging .

How can I save time formatting my paper? 

Microsoft Word and Google Docs have a Format Painter tool that will copy and apply basic formatting to any text! 

1. Highlight the formatting you want to apply. 

2. Select  Format Painter . 

3. Highlight the text you want to change. 

Note: If using the Format Painter on the Reference List, you'll need to go back and add italics. 

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• Last Updated: Dec 5, 2023 11:56 AM
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